Aktivitas Antifungi Esktrak Etanol Daun Kamboja Merah (Plumeria Rubra L.) terhadap Pityrosporum Ovale

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui metabolit sekunder dan konsentrasi hambat minimum (KHM) dari ekstrak etanol daun Kamboja merah (Plumeria rubra L.) terhadap fungi Pityrosporum ovale penyebab ketombe. Ekstrak diperoleh dengan metode maserasi dalam pelarut etanol. Kandungan kimia pada ekstrak diidentifikasi dengan kromatografi lapis tipis. Aktivitas antifungi dilakukan dengan metode dilusi padat untuk memperoleh nilai KHM. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ekstrak etanol daun Kamboja merah mengandung flavonoid dan terpenoid. KHM yang didapat adalah 1750 ppm.&nbsp

Conditions of Teaching and Research in Economics: Some Preliminary Findings

This paper reports onthe preliminary findings of a study initiated two years ago, at the initiative of the P.LD.E. to review the problems of teaching and research in economics and related subjects (ERS)! during the last two decades. The need for such a study has been felt for some time not only because of the common perception of declining standards in higher education generally and, economics, in particular, but also from the perceived competition economics has faced from other disciplines, especially business studies and computer science as a passport to the job market. After having enjoyed a relatively robust period of growth in the 1960s largely through the assistance of foreign donors such as the Ford Foundation, ERS in Pakistan have suffered in their development not only from the comparative paucity of resources allocated to them, but also as a result of an adverse change in the perceptions about the primacy of their usefulness for policy purposes. The demand for economics has also suffered some decline as a result of the diminished importance of the public sector and of planned development during the last two decades. While special branches of economics, such as finance, project evaluation, transport and energy economics have shown increased demand, mainly in the private sector or donor-related institutions, the demand for general economic analysts is not as strong as in the past and does not provide many gainful opportunities for professional advancement. Due to the continued disadvantage in terms of salaries and other rewards, the academic profession, remains unattractive

Anxiolytic effect of midazolam premedication assessed by clinical and platelet aggregation profiles

BACKGROUND: It is well documented that surgery is associated with increased anxiety, which has an adverse impact on patient\u27s outcome. This study was designed to assess the anxiolytic effect of midazolam in pre-anaesthetic medication by using clinical and platelet aggregation profiles.METHODS: Sixty ASA I and II female patients aged between 35 and 60 years undergoing elective abdominal hysterectomy were randomly divided into two equal groups. Group I received placebo as pre-medication while group II received 0.15 mg/kg midazolam as pre-medication 1 hour preoperatively. They were monitored for visual analogue scale (VAS) for anxiety, observer\u27s anxiety criteria, sedation score, blood pressure, heart rate and platelet aggregation profile immediately before and 1 hour after pre-medication.RESULTS: There was statistically significant difference with respect to VAS of anxiety, observer\u27s anxiety criteria, sedation scores, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (

Community-based interventions for the prevention and control of helmintic neglected tropical diseases

In this paper, we aim to systematically analyze the effectiveness of community-based interventions (CBIs) for the prevention and control of helminthiasis including soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH) (ascariasis, hookworms, and trichuriasis), lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, dracunculiasis, and schistosomiasis. We systematically reviewed literature published before May 2013 and included 32 studies in this review. Findings from the meta-analysis suggest that CBIs are effective in reducing the prevalence of STH (RR: 0.45, 95% CI: 0.38, 0.54), schistosomiasis (RR: 0.40, 95% CI: 0.33, 0.50), and STH intensity (SMD: -3.16, 95 CI: -4.28, -2.04). They are also effective in improving mean hemoglobin (SMD: 0.34, 95% CI: 0.20, 0.47) and reducing anemia prevalence (RR: 0.90, 95% CI: 0.85, 0.96). However, it did not have any impact on ferritin, height, weight, low birth weight (LBW), or stillbirths. School-based delivery significantly reduced STH (RR: 0.49, 95% CI: 0.39, 0.63) and schistosomiasis prevalence (RR: 0.50, 95% CI: 0.33, 0.75), STH intensity (SMD: -0.22, 95% CI: -0.26, -0.17), and anemia prevalence (RR: 0.87, 95% CI: 0.81, 0.94). It also improved mean hemoglobin (SMD: 0.24, 95% CI: 0.16, 0.32). We did not find any conclusive evidence from the quantitative synthesis on the relative effectiveness of integrated and non-integrated delivery strategies due to the limited data available for each subgroup. However, the qualitative synthesis from the included studies supports community-based delivery strategies and suggests that integrated prevention and control measures are more effective in achieving greater coverage compared to the routine vertical delivery, albeit it requires an existing strong healthcare infrastructure. Current evidence suggests that effective community-based strategies exist and deliver a range of preventive, promotive, and therapeutic interventions to combat helminthic neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). However, there is a need to implement and evaluate efficient integrated programs with the existing disease control programs on a larger scale throughout resource-limited regions especially to reach the unreachable

A STUDY ON DIFFERENT PELLET FORMATION TECHNIQUES AND ITS EVALUATION PARAMETERS-A REVIEW

This review article deals with the various pelletization techniques utilized in the pharmaceutical industry for spheroidal particle production i.e., pellet for mainly oral administration which can be further formulated into several other dosage forms such as tablets, capsules or can be administered as such. Now-a-days oral administration has become the most versatile, convenient and common route of drug administration which ultimately focuses on patient compliance. The technique which is setting horizon in pelletization is “Extrusion Spheronization” because of its simple and easy steps involved in pellet production in a faster way. This review also includes the characterization and evaluation of pellets to ensure its quality, safety and efficacy to give out the required therapeutic activity after administration

Precipitation and temperature extremes and association with large-scale climate indices: An observational evidence over India

Climate change exposes more frequent natural hazards and physical vulnerabilities to the built and natural environments. Extreme precipitation and temperature events will have a significant impact on both the natural environment and human society. However, it is unclear whether precipitation and temperature extremes increase physical vulnerabilities across scales and their links with large-scale climate indices. This study investigates the relationship between precipitation and temperature extremes, as recommended by the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI), and large scale climatological phenomenon indices (Indian Summer Monsoon Index (ISMI), Arctic Oscillation (AO), and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)), using India as a case study. Our findings show that extreme warm indices were primarily negatively related to ISMI and positively related to extreme cold indices. According to Pearson’s correlation coefficients and Wavelet Transform Coherence (WTC), extreme warm indices were negatively related to ISMI and positively related to extreme cold indices. The extreme precipitation indices had a significant positive relationship, primarily with AO. Furthermore, from 1951 to 2018, India experienced an increase in warm extremes over western, central, and peninsular India, while cold indices increased over northwest India. Precipitation extremes of more than one day, more than one days, very wet and extremely wet days have increased across India except in the Indo-Gangetic plains, while heavy and very heavy precipitation days, consecutive wet days, and consecutive dry days have decreased

Twin load of hypertension and diabetes amongst adults: community based study from Jammu and Kashmir, India

Background: Data regarding the occurrence of hypertension and diabetes in the community are crucial for optimum allocation and utilization of health resources. Objective was to assess the efficacy of such field based exercise in detection of new undiagnosed cases and calculation of the consequent prevalence.Methods: A cross sectional community based study was carried out to find out prevalence of hypertension and diabetes amongst adults (35-64 years) in Chatergam, Budgam (Jammu and Kashmir) during Oct 2011 to Feb 2012 on a pre-tested structured questionnaire. Blood pressure was measured in 2077 adults and random blood sugar (RBS) was measured in 1732 subjects to detect diabetes. Data was analyzed to find out the distribution of systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) and the prevalence of hypertension and diabetes along with 95 percent confidence intervals.Results: Mean SBP and DBP of 2077 subjects were 130.7 ± 40.3 and 83.1 ± 11.4 mm of mercury respectively. Values were the highest for both SBP and DBP amongst women of urban areas and in the 55 – 64 years of age. Quarter of studied persons (24.4%) had the family history of hypertension or diabetes or both. Based on the criteria of JNC 7, 41.1% subjects (95 % CI 38.9 – 43.2) were found hypertensive including 593 known cases (496 alone & 97 in combinations with diabetes). Prevalence of new cases of hypertension was 17.5 percent; it significantly increased with increasing age and was high amongst males and those residing in urban areas. 4.6% subjects (95% CI 3.6-5.7) were positive for diabetes based on RBS. Conclusions: Considering high load of twin diseases and their impact on coronary vascular diseases (CVD), study emphasizes the need to implement an integrated population-based cost-effective control program with a focus on primordial and primary prevention.

The intertwined relationship between malnutrition and poverty

Despite social and economic development, the burden of malnutrition across the globe remains unacceptably high. A vital relationship exists between nutritional status, human capital, and economic standing. Malnutrition adversely affects the physiological and mental capacity of individuals; which in turn hampers productivity levels, making them and their respective countries more susceptible to poverty. A two-way link exists between malnutrition and poverty, creating a vicious cycle with each fueling the other. Malnutrition produces conditions of poverty by reducing the economic potential of the population and likewise, poverty reinforces malnutrition by increasing the risk of food insecurity. The aim of the paper is to describe the interconnection between malnutrition and poverty, and to highlight how both serve as the cause and consequence of each other. The paper also discusses ways to move ahead to tackle these issues in a parallel manner rather than in separate silos

Effect of sunlight and artificial light on micropropagation of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plantlets

Fluorescent lamps (artificial light) and sunlight were used as lighting source in present study to identify feasibility of using sunlight in plant tissue culture laboratory. In vitro regenerated nodal segments of the cardinal variety of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) were inoculated in MS medium without any growth regulator for shoot and root development. After 30 days of culture in an average temperature at 21.94±0.21°C, relative humidity 39.35±0.75%, various morphological responses i.e. plantlet height, diameter of plantlet, number of nodes per plantlet, inter node distance, number of leaves per plantlet, fresh and dry weight of plantlets , number of root, length of root, growth rate etc. were recorded. The average light intensity at sunlight and artificial treatment was observed at 4805.5±326.54 lux and 3484±84.44 lux, respectively. All the growth factors performed better result in sunlight treatment than those of artificial one except average number of nodes and leaves. The average height of plantlet at sunlight was 53.33±3.32 mm which was greater than that of artificial light 51.67±2.15 mm. Fresh weight and dry weight are two important morphological factors for plantlet and in case of fresh weight that was always greater 0.49±0.097 in sunlighted plantlet and 0.21±0.026 in artificial one.  In case of dry weight the average weight 0.08±0.016 was greater in sunlighted plantlet than that of 0.03±0.004 in artificial one. Number of roots, root length and growth rate of the plantlets observed higher in sunlighted plantlets compared to artificial light. Moreover, the sunlighted plantlets were healthier, vigorous and strong which helped plants to establish in net house easily. Considering the cost of electricity consumption, from a laboratory area of 20.47 m2 BD Taka 63% could be saved in each month by using sunlight. As low cost options of energy saving in tissue culture laboratory using sunlight would be feasible and environmentally friendly technology for commercial point of view in Bangladesh